Uko wakoresha Telefone igendanwa mu gucukumbura amakuru ku makimbirane yo muri Sudani y’Epfo

Mu gihe gito cyane, ibintu hafi ya byose umuherwe Joseph Lugala Wani wo muri Sudani y’Epfo yari yaragezeho byahindutse umuyonga. Hoteri n’amaduka 10 byarangijwe, ibindi birasahurwa, ibindi maze bihabwa inkongi. Hashize amezi bibaye, twahuye n’impunzi yavuye muri Sudani y’Epfo. Twayisanze mu kazu ikodesha mu mujyi mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi cya Uganda. Yatubwiye ko ari abasirikare ba Leta babikoze, ngo barunze amapine imbere mu nyubako maze barashumika, hoteri irakongoka, kandi ari ho abayobozi bakundaga kuza kuruhukira.

Hari itsinda ryacu ryakurikiranaga ibyo kwirukana abantu, kwangiza imitungo, ndetse n’ibirebana no kubona akazi muri Sudani y’Epfo. Iki ni nacyo gihugu bucura ku isi, cyahawe ubwigenge na Sudani muri Nyakanga 2011. Twari tumaze amezi twumva ibihuha byo kubohoza ubutaka; bamwe muri bagenzi bacu bari barabyibonye imbonankubone. Ariko twashakaga kumenya ubikora – n’uburyo byakwirakwiriye.

Mu gushaka kugera kuri ayo makuru, muri 2017 nakoranye na mugenzi wanjye, Lagu Joseph Jackson, umunyamakuru wo muri Sudani y’Epfo ukorera mu buhungiro, nshaka gukora ubushakashatsi nkoresheje telefone igendanwa kugira ngo ngere ku bantu bari ahantu hatandukanye mu gihugu cyose. Icyari kigamijwe kwari ukugera ku bantu tudashobora kugeraho kubera amabwiriza ya leta abibuza, kutamenya gusoma no kwandika, n’ubukene. Aho ni ho havuye umushinga w’inkuru twahaye umutwe ugira uti”Guhatirwa guhunga”.

Gutangaza amakuru y’ahantu udashobora kugera
Sudani y’Epfo yari imaze igihe ihiga bukware ibitangazamakuru. Abanyamakuru barahungeswe, bahigwa bukware, abandi barafunzwe, ndetse bamwe barishwe bazira gutangaza ukuri ku makimbirane yari hagati y’abaturage mu gihugu. Abanyamakuru benshi b’abanyamahanga – cyane cyane abanditse inkuru zarakaje inzego z’umutekano za guverinoma y’igihugu – bangiwe guhabwa ibyangombwa by’intangazamakuru bibemerera gukorerayo ndetse banabuzwa kwinjira mu gihugu. Nanjye nari umwe muri abo. Ku banyamakuru bari bakiri mu gihugu, kugera mu turere twibasiwe n’amakimbirane byari bigoye, bihenze, kandi byatwaraga igihe. Igihugu kiri ku mwanya wa 138 kuri 180 hagati ya Palesitine na Miyanimari ku rutonde rugaragaza uko ibihugu byubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ku isi,rwakozwe n’Umuryango w’abanyamakuru batagira umupaka mu mwaka wa 2020.

Abanyasudani y’Epfo benshi bimuriwe mu nkambi cyangwa bahungiye hanze y’igihugu. Abantu benshi ntibafite telefone zigendanwa zigezweho ngo bafate amakuru ku marorerwa akorwa, nk’uko byakoreshejwe mu yandi makimbirane nko muri Siriya cyangwa Sudani. Niyo babikora, Abanyasudani y’Epfo benshi bafite ubwoba, kandi ntibashaka guhura n’ikibazo cyo gufatanwa ibimenyetso. Ariko nibura hafi ya bose bafite telefone zigendanwa.

Ni yo mpamvu kuri twe, no ku bandi banyamakuru bakorera ahantu hasa nk’aho bakandamiza itangazamakuru, guhitamo gukoresha telefone bishobora kuba igisubizo. Ubu buhanga na bwo bushobora kuba ntagereranywa mu cyorezo cya COVID-19, kubera ko abanyamakuru bagera ku batanga amakuru bari ahantu hatandukanye cyangwa bakorera mu turere dufite amategeko akarishye ababuza kugera ku nkomoko y’inkuru. Hano hari ibintu bike twize mu gihe cy’umushinga bishobora kugirira akamaro abandi banyamakuru bakora inkuru zicukumbuye ku miryango igoye kugerwaho.

Ubushakashatsi mu ndimi esheshatu hakoreshejwe Telefone

Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwakozwe mu ndimi esheshatu – Icyongereza, Icyarabu, Dinka, Nuer, Bari, na Madi. Ababajijwe bashoboraga gusubiza bakanda imibare kuri telefone zabo, ariko rimwe na rimwe bashoboraga kwifata ubutumwa bugufi bw’amajwi. Ubushakashatsi bwo kuri telefone igendanwa twakoresheje twabukoze binyuze mu guterefona ku nomero dutomboje ku murongo rusange. Ku yindi mishinga yo gutanga amakuru, umuntu ashobora guhitamo uburyo butandukanye bushobora kubamo kohereza ubutumwa bugufi ku murongo kugira ngo abantu bemere kwitabira, cyangwa guhamagara nimero ukuye ku rutonde runaka. Nk’urugero, niba ufite urutonde rwa numero za telefone z’abakozi bashinzwe ubuzima cyangwa abakozi b’uruganda runaka. Twahisemo ubushakashatsi bw’amajwi yafashwe mu buryo bwo guhangana n’inzitizi zo kutamenya gusoma no kwandika n’izijyanye n’iboneka rya enterineti, ariko na none ushobora kwemerera abantu kugira aho bakanda mu bushakashatsi bwo ku murongo cyangwa gusubiza bakoresheje ubutumwa bw’amajwi cyangwa bwanditse mu turere dufite telefoni nziza n’ihuzanzira rikora neza.

Ubufatanye ni ngombwa

Ikipe yacu yagiye yaguka uko umushinga wagendaga utera imbere, kandi twongeyeho abafatanyabikorwa bari bakenewe. Twatangiriye ku nkunga yatanzwe n’ikigo kitwa “Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting” yatumye njye na Jackson dufatanya na “Viamo”, isosiyete itanga serivisi ikanabarura abakoresha imiyoboro y’itumanaho ngendanwa. Twakoranye n’abashinzwe ibarurishamibare n’inzobere baduhaye inama z’ingirakamaro ku buryo twakoresheje.

Twahise duhuzwa na “African Defence Review” (ADR), inzu y’itangazamakuru ryibanda ku mutekano. ADR yohereje abanyamakuru mu gihugu, kandi idufasha mu bushakashatsi bukoresheje icyogajuru kugira ngo dukurikirane ibikorwa byo gusenya mu gihugu hose, mu gihe njye na Jackson twatunganyaga amakuru turi muri Uganda. Nyuma y’amezi menshi turi muri ubwo bushakashatsi, dutanga amakuru, dufite n’umurongo w’ibigomba gukorwa, Al Jazeera yaje kwifatanya na twe nk’umwanditsi wacu, ikosora inkuru zacu ikanatunganya amashusho.

Twize guteganya igihe kinini n’amafaranga kurenza uko ingengo y’imari yacu ya mbere yabitwemereraga, kubera gukoresha uburyo bushya no gukorera mu karere kari mu tugoye cyane ku si. Twahuye n’ibibazo bikomeye byo gukusanya amakuru y’ubushakashatsi. Ibyo gutakaza – mbega ngo abantu baritabira vuba ubushakashatsi bagahagarika gusubiza – byari hejuru. Nubwo iki ikibazo twari tucyiteze, cyarenze urwego twateganyaga. Muri icyo gihe, ubukungu bw’igihugu bwaranahungabanye bituma amafaranga yo gukoresha mu bushakashatsi akomeza kwiyongera. Twagombye kugabanya umubare w’ibibazo, guhindura gahunda twatangiranye, no gusaba andi mafaranga menshi kugira ngo dushobore kugera ku mubare munini w’abatanga amakuru.

Uburyo bwizewe

Byari bigoye kandi kwemeza ko inkuru yacu yari irimo ukuri bitewe n’uburyo harimo inzitizi n’impamvu twayihisemo. Igihe kigeze ngo dusesengure amakuru, twashakaga kumenya neza ko isesengura ryacu ritagaragaje nabi uburyo bwacu – ariko bukenewe -. Twakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo twongere dusubiremo kandi duhinyuze amakuru twifashishije ayatangajwe n’abandi, harimo ibibazo byatanzwe imbonankubone, inyandiko rusange nka raporo z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye cyangwa Umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, (HRW), n’ubushakashatsi dukoresheje amashusho y’icyogajuru. Twafashe kandi umwanzuro wo kudafata amakuru nk’imibare ifatika, dusuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya imiterere y’abaturage ba Sudani y’Epfo, kandi tuzi ko ababajijwe batitaye ku bagabo, abato, n’abantu bo mu mijyi bafite imiyoboro myiza. Ibyo byemezo byose n’intege nke twabisobanuye mu buryo bwacu, kugira ngo abantu basome inkuru babizi.

Twabwiye abasomyi ko twahamagaye nimero zirenga ibihumbi 35 twatomboje, barimo abantu barenga ibihumbi 29 bumvaga intangiriro bagahitamo ururimi. Abantu 405 basubije ibibazo byose cumi na bine (14) by’ubushakashatsi, byateguwe hifashishijwe impuguke mu by’ubutaka n’ibarurishamibare zo muri Sudani y’Epfo. Mu bantu 405, abarenga 40% bavuze ko bimuwe ku butaka bwabo cyangwa mu rugo rwabo kuva mu Kuboza 2013; hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyabo bashinjaga abasirikare ba leta.

Kugenzura no Kurinda abaguhaye amakuru

Irindi somo rijyanye no gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo ushimangire ibimenyetso ukoresheje raporo nyinshi n’ubuhanga bw’ubushakashatsi. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu gihe bigaragara ko umushinga uteje impagarara cyane. Twakusanyije amafoto yatanzwe ku mitungo yangiritse kandi dukoresha tekinoroji yo gukora iperereza kugira ngo tuyagenzure. Twakoresheje uburyo bwo kugenzura amashusho bwa “metadata” kugira ngo twemeze koko niba yarafashwe na telefoni z’abayaduhaye. Twahuje amashusho yatanzwe n’amashusho ya satelite, dusanga ibimenyetso byo gusenya bihuye n’ibihe byavuzwe mu ibazwa.

Twemeje amakuru yerekeye gusenya bivuye mu bushakashatsi dukoresheje ubuhanga mu kugaragaza aho ikintu giherereye, dushakisha amashuri abanza twasabye abantu kuvuga, kandi dushakisha amashusho ya satelite kugira ngo turebe niba hari ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ugusenya mu mashusho. Akenshi, ibimenyetso byarahuraga. Twabonye harabayeho ugusenya gukabije mu midugudu no mu mijyi mu gihugu hose.

Muri icyo gihe cyose cy’ubushakashatsi twitaye ku kurengera no guharanira umutekano w’abaduhaga amakuru. Ntabwo twari tuzi neza niba guverinoma idafite ubushobozi bwo guhagarika ubushakashatsi bwacu cyangwa kumviriza ibisubizo. Mu guhangana n’icyo kibazo, twongeyeho intangiriro irambuye kandi twibutsa ko ababajijwe bashobora kuboneka umwanya uwo ari wo wose. Twafashe icyemezo cyo kwirinda gushyira izina mu ntangiriro, kugira ngo twirinde ko inkomoko y’amakuru yahuzwa n’umunyamakuru waciwe.

Twakoze ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwa guverinoma bwo kugenzura, ndetse tunatekereza guhindura uburyo bwo gukora ubushakashatsi mu nkambi z’impunzi aho kuba Sudani y’Amajyepfo, nubwo amaherezo twafashe umwanzuro ko bitari ngombwa. Mu ntangiriro hari inzitizi tekinike Viamo yagombaga kubanza gukemura; muri bimwe mu bizamini byacu bya mbere habayeho gufata imiterere y’imikorere yataye igihe kuri terefone (na bije) idatanga ibisubizo by’ingirakamaro. Ntabwo twashoboye kumenya niba ari guverinoma yabigizemo uruhare cyangwa Atari yo, ariko byatumye habaho gukererwa.

Kwemeza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi n’ibyiciro byabyo

Byari inzira ndende, kandi igihe kinini byari urucantege. Twari dufite impungenge ko amakuru yacu yari make cyane ku buryo atagira icyo asobanura, kandi yatinze mu gihe twavugururaga ubushakashatsi kugira ngo tubuhuze n’igihe. Ikindi twari dufite impungenge z’uko abantu bazibaza ku nkuru zacu, bituma dufata ibyumweru byinshi mu kazi ko guhuza ibimenyetso n’amakuru y’ubushakashatsi. Twifuzaga kandi gukora inkuru ikurura abantu, bityo tumara igihe kitari gito mu kuvuga inkuru no gushaka ingero z’abantu nyabo ubuzima bwabo bwagizweho ingaruka, bitabaye ngombwa gushingira ku makuru twakusanyije ahabereye ikibazo.

Byahawe agaciro karenze akari kitezwe – inkuru yageze ku bantu hirya no hino kandi ituma imibare ihinduka ikibazo cy’akarere. Byatumye abanyasudani y’Epfo bahurira mu biganiro ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira ku butaka n’amasezerano y’amahoro, kandi yegukana umwanya wa gatatu mu mu gihembo cy’abanyamakuru bakora inkuru zicukumbuye n’abanditsi “Investigative Reporters and Editors’ Philip Meyer Award”, igihembo cyo gukoresha neza uburyo bw’ubunararibonye mu itangazamakuru.

Ndatekereza ko ubu buryo twakoresheje bushobora gukora no mu bindi bihugu bifite ibibazo nk’ibi mu gihe cy’icyorezo cya coronavirus; aho abantu badashobora gutembera batekanye, cyangwa ahari abayobozi bakoma imbere itangazamakuru, mu gihe nyamara hari abantu benshi bakeneye gutegwa amatwi.

This article originally appeared on the website of the Global Investigative Journalism Network and is reposted with permission